AFIPS NCC 1974: Chicago, Illinois, USA

Associative processing

• P. Bruce Berra:
  Some problems in associative processor applications to data base management. 1-5
  
• James D. Feldman, Louis C. Fulmer:
  RADCAP: an operational parallel processing facility. 7-15
  
• Edward W. Davis:
  STARAN parallel processor system software. 17-22
  
• William W. Patterson:
  Some thoughts on associative processing languages. 23-26
  

Advances in data base management

• Gene Altshuler, Bernard K. Plagman:
  User/system interface within the context of an integrated corporate data base. 27-33
  
• Bruce J. Taylor, S. C. Lloyd:
  DUCHESS: a high level information system. 35-40
  
• Sheng-Chao Huang, Amrit L. Goel:
  An analytical model for information processing systems. 41-44
  
• Randall L. Frank, Koichi Yamaguchi:
  A model for a generalized data access method. 45-52
  
• Gerard T. Capraro, P. Bruce Berra:
  A data base management problem specification model. 53-56
  
• Alberto Cezar De Souza Moreira, Claudio Pinheiro, Luiz Fernando D'Elia:
  Integrating data base management into operating systems: an access method approach. 57-62
  
• Gerald Levitt, David H. Stewart, Beatrice Yormark:
  A prototype system for interactive data analysis. 63-69
  
• Norton Greenfeld:
  Quantification in a relational data system. 71-75
  

Information systems for health care

• John C. Peck, Francis M. Crowder:
  A public health data system. 77-80
  
• Robert Chalice, Olga M. Haring, Ronald R. Hochsprung:
  Automated patient record summaries for health care auditing. 81-84
  
• Kevin C. O'Kane, Richard J. Hildebrandt:
  An integrated health care information processing and retrieval system. 93-105
  
• Pradeep Shah, Rudy Haidle, George Czerlinski:
  Interface for rapid data transfer and evaluation. 107-114
  

Technological aids for the physically disadvantaged

• Gregg C. Vanderheiden, Andrew M. Volk, C. Daniel Geisler:
  An alternate interface to computers for the physically handicapped: the auto-monitoring communication board. 115-120
  
• Morteza Amir Rahimi, John B. Eulenberg:
  A computing environment for the blind. 121-124
  
• R. S. Nickerson, D. N. Kalikow, K. N. Stevens:
  A computer-based system of speech-training aids for the deaf: a progress report. 125-126
  
• Patrick Suppes, John Dexter Fletcher:
  Computer-assisted instruction in mathematics and language arts for deaf students. 127-131
  

Computers in communication and voice recognition

• Leon D. Wald:
  Integrated voice/data compression and multiplexing using associative processing. 133-138
  
• Rein Turn:
  Speech as a man-computer communication channel. 139-143
  

operating systems---I

• Gerald J. Popek, Charles S. Kline:
  Verifiable secure operating system software. 145-151
  
• Wolfgang W. Millbrandt, Juan Rodriguez-Rosell:
  An interactive software engineering tool for memory management and user program evaluation. 153-158
  

Information systems for ambulatory care

• Norma Justice, G. Octo Barnett, Robert Lurie, William Cass:
  Development and implementation of a medical/management information system at the harvard community health plan. 159-165
  

Recent developments and applications of CAI

• C. Victor Bunderson:
  A status report on the TICCIT project. 167
  
• Robert B. Davis:
  What classroom role should the PLATO computer system play? 169-173
  
• William M. Richardson:
  Computer assisted instruction comes of age in a public school system. 175-177
  

Operating systems---II

• N. A. Oliver:
  Experimental data on page replacement algorithm. 179-184
  
• James L. Elshoff:
  Some programming techniques for processing multi-dimensional matrices in a paging environment. 185-193
  
• Robert P. Goldberg, Robert Hassinger:
  The double paging anomaly. 195-199
  

Health care planning and acceptance of computer systems

• Richard B. Freibrux:
  Effective planning for and justification of the extension of data processing in hospitals. 201-205
  
• Bernard W. Bise:
  A resource allocation and planning system for the development and operation of health care delivery systems. 207-214
  
• Marion J. Ball:
  Medical data processing in the United States. 215-225
  

Business data processing education---a decade of failure

• Gary B. Shelly:
  Why industry won't hire your graduates. 227-229
  
• Thomas J. Cashman:
  How the data processing industry has failed education. 231-233
  
• Denise A. Pierce:
  A springboard for data processing education in Oklahoma. 235-237
  
• Joe M. Kinzer Jr.:
  Career education in business data processing teacher education. 239-240
  

Equipment monitoring and information use (part I)

• D. R. Magill, R. D. Memis:
  Computer control of component insertion. 241-245
  

Display processing and technology

• Charles H. Irby:
  Display techniques for interactive text manipulation. 247-255
  
• Donald I. Andrews:
  Line processor: a device for amplification of display terminal capabilities for text manipulation. 257-265
  
• Arnold K. Griffith:
  The GRAFIX I image processing system. 267-272
  
• Thomas L. Boardman Jr.:
  Hardware / software design considerations for high speed / low cost interactive graphic communication systems. 273-278
  

System implementation techniques

• Samuel Levy, Richard H. Doyle, Ralph M. Heller:
  APL as a development tool for special-purpose processors. 279-284
  
• Henry J. Theberge, Eric E. Beaverstock:
  Narrowing the generation gap between virtual machines and minicomputers. 285-287
  
• C. V. Ramamoorthy, K. H. Kim:
  Pipelining: the generalized concept and sequencing strategies. 289-297
  

Network interfaces

• John T. M. Pryke, Lawrence J. Munini:
  Interfacing communication network to IBM system/360 and system/370 host processors: an end users viewpoint. 299-302
  

Computer science education---recommendations for change

• M. E. Sloan:
  Implications of changes in the secondary school: mathematics curriculum for the computer science and computer engineering curricula. 303-306
  
• Charles B. Kreitzberg, Len Swanson:
  A cognitive model for structuring an introductory programming curriculum. 307-311
  
• J. A. Archibald Jr., M. Katzper:
  On the preparation of computer science professionals in academic institutions. 313-319
  
• Gopal K. Kapur:
  EDP education: an acute crisis. 321-325
  
• Charles J. Testa:
  An undergraduate/graduate program in information systems. 327-332
  

The high cost of software---causes and corrections

• John B. Slaughter:
  Understanding the software problem. 333-336
  
• J. A. Clapp, J. E. Sullivan:
  Automated monitoring of software quality. 337-341
  
• John H. Manley:
  Embedded computers: software cost considerations. 343-347
  

Artificial intelligence and related topics

• Robert C. Gammill:
  An examination of TIC-TAC-TOE like games. 349-355
  
• Donald I. Good:
  Provable programs and processors. 357-363
  
• Robert M. Balzer:
  A language-independent programmer's interface. 365-370
  

Improving computer system effectiveness

• J. P. Buzen, P. S. Goldberg:
  Guidelines for the use of infinite source queueing models in the analysis of computer system performance. 371-374
  
• G. Cort Steinhorst, Barry L. Bateman, Daniel L. Curtis:
  Data base concepts applied to generalized programming packages. 375-377
  
• George H. Walther, Harold F. O'Neil Jr.:
  On-line user-computer interface: the effects of interface flexibility, terminal type, and experience on performance. 379-384
  

Operation status of large scale data processing

• Charles Purcell:
  The control data STAR-100: performance measurements. 385-387
  
• W. J. Watson, H. M. Carr:
  Operational experiences with the TI advanced scientific computer. 389-397
  
• John Mitchell, Charles Knadler, Gary Lunsford, Steve Yang:
  Multiprocessor performance analysis. 399-403
  
• Kenneth E. Batcher:
  STARAN parallel processor system hardware. 405-410
  

Software for computer systems acquisition

• Paul Oliver:
  A program for software quality control. 411-416
  
• George N. Baird, Margaret M. Cook:
  Experiences in COBOL compiler validation. 417-421
  
• George N. Baird, L. Arnold Johnson:
  System for efficient program portability. 423-429
  
• Paul Oliver, George N. Baird, Margaret Cook, Arnold Johnson, Patrick M. Hoyt:
  An experiment in the use of synthetic programs for system benchmarking. 431-438
  

Mini- and micro-computers in data communication systems

• P. M. Russo, M. D. Lippman:
  A microprocessor implementation of a dedicated store-and-forward data communications system. 439-445
  
• Clemens B. Hergenhan, Mark M. Rochkind:
  The multipurpose batch station (MBS) system: software design. 447-451
  
• J. F. Mollenauer, E. J. Sitar, V. B. Turner:
  The MINICOM data entry system. 453-456
  

The prophet system---computing in pharmacology

• P. A. Castleman, C. H. Russell, F. N. Webb, C. A. Hollister, J. R. Siegel, S. R. Zdoxik, D. M. Fram:
  The implementation of the PROPHET system. 457-468
  
• Charles M. Weeks, Vivian Cody, Stephen Pokrywiecki, Douglas C. Rohrer, William L. Duax:
  Applications of the PROPHET system in correlating crystallographic structural data with biological information. 469-472
  
• Carl L. Johnson:
  Applications of the PROPHET system in molecular pharmacology: structure-activity relationships in monoamine oxidase inhibitors. 473-476
  
• Bernard J. Ransil:
  Applications of the PROPHET system in human clinical investigation. 477-483
  

Manufacturing control system

• Leland R. Kneppelt:
  A simple distributed systems approach to manufacturing information systems. 485-490
  
• G. J. Peters:
  Interactive computer graphics application of the bi-cubic parametric surface to engineering design problems. 491-511
  
• Robert P. Burton, Ivan E. Sutherland:
  Twinkle box: a three-dimensional computer input device. 513-520
  
• Wolfgang K. Giloi, José L. Encarnação:
  APLG-An APL based system for interactive computer graphics. 521-528
  

Darmouth time sharing system---then and now

• John S. McGeachie, Donald L. Kreider:
  Project FIND: an integrated information and modeling system for management. 529-535
  

Microprogramming technology

• Gregory R. Lloyd, Andries Van Dam:
  Design considerations for microprogramming languages. 537-542
  
• Ronald G. Harris, James E. Sustman, John F. McDonald:
  Controller for a flexible disk. 545-552
  

Planning and design of data communications networks

• Wushow Chou:
  Planning and design of data communications networks. 553-559
  
• Lynn Hopewell:
  Management planning in the data communications environment. 561-564
  
• Patrick McGregor:
  Effective use of data communications hardware. 565-575
  
• Mario Gerla:
  New line tariffs and their impact on network design. 577-582
  
• Aaron Kershenbaum:
  Tools for planning and designing data communications networks. 583-591
  

Automated warehousing

• P. R. Witt:
  Automatic storage and retrieval system control. 593-611
  

Cooperative government utilization of information processing systems

• Edward H. Pechan, Ralph A. Luken, Jacob E. Mendelssohn:
  Supporting government cost planning of industrial wastewater treatment. 613-620
  
• Leonard Stitelman:
  The base-data-cluster concept: a cooperative metropolitan approach to computer utilization. 621-624
  

Architectural parameters

• C. V. Ramamoorthy, Hon Fung Li:
  Efficiency in generalized pipeline networks. 625-635
  
• Henry Y. H. Chuang, Santanu Das:
  An approach to the design of highly reliable and fail-safe digital systems. 637-642
  
• Behrooz Parhami, Algirdas Avizienis:
  A study of fault tolerance techniques for associative processors. 643-652
  

Programming and programming languages

• Ken Magel, Andries Van Dam, Martin Michel:
  Toward the development of machine: independent systems programming languages. 653-658
  
• Billy G. Claybrook:
  LPL: a generalized list processing language. 659-663
  
• Johannes J. Martin:
  Generalized structured programming. 665-669
  

Technology investment management

• Jo Ann Lockett:
  Computer performance analysis in mixed on-line/batch workloads. 671-676
  
• Paul Malick:
  Systems performance/measurements: a quantitative base for management of computer systems. 677-682
  
• Roger W. Kleffman:
  Two hat management: project management with a difference. 683-691
  
• A. C. Shetler:
  Controlled testing for computer performance evaluation. 693-699
  

Installing an on-line information system in the manufacturing environment

• Thomas J. Archbold:
  Installing an on-line information system in a manufacturing environment. 701-707
  

Store ordering systems

• M. H. Resnick:
  Remote data collection case study: telephone order processing system (TOPS). 709-735
  

Computer system design considerations for control applications

• Fredric C. Jaye, Ronald J. Reiner:
  Use of a multi-programming mini-computer for real time control applications. 737-742
  
• A. Daneels:
  A data bank for on-line process control: the synchrotron injector. 743-748
  
• E. L. Baatz, B. W. Jordan Jr., K. J. King, W. J. Lennon, Z. Z. Stroll:
  Design of a minicomputer network for the automatic determination of amino acid sequences in proteins. 749-752
  
• S. Reiter, D. J. Svetlik, A. M. Fayon:
  An approach to the optimization of an olefins plant. 753-759
  

Network performance measurements

• Thomas E. Bell:
  Computer performance variability. 761-766
  
• Leonard Kleinrock, William E. Naylor:
  On measured behavior of the ARPA network. 767-780
  

The computer---career guidance tool of the present and future

• David V. Tiedeman:
  The potential role of the computer in intuition and self development. 781-790
  
• Russell N. Cassel:
  Use of computer in relation to critical guidance factors. 791-797
  

Selected topics on system simulation and interaction

• Sadashiva S. Godbole:
  Effective demonstration of minicomputer-based systems by a novel digital simulation. 799-801
  
• James A. Ward:
  Twenty commandments for managing the development of tactical computer programs. 803-806
  
• Lynn J. McKell, Gordon P. Wright, David G. Olson:
  An optimal pollution surveillance schedule generating system (OPGENS). 807-820
  
• James A. Rose, James V. Leonard, Herbert A. Crosby:
  Use of a micro-computer in a missile simulator. 821-825
  

Advances in memory technology

• J. E. Carnes, W. F. Kosonocky, J. M. Chambers, D. J. Sauer:
  Charge-coupled devices for computer memories. 827-836
  
• J. E. Brewer, D. R. Hadden Jr.:
  Block-oriented random access MNOS memory. 837-840
  
• R. J. Spain, H. I. Jauvtis, F. T. Duben:
  DOT memory systems. 841-846
  
• Hsu Chang:
  Capabilities of the bubble technology. 847-855
  

Standard for computer networks

• A. M. McKenzie:
  Some computer network interconnection issues. 857-859
  

Continuing education and career development for computer professionals

• Nancy L. Ayer:
  Step-by-step: a career structure for systematic EDP growth. 861-865
  
• Wallace C. Andrews, Lester J. Sontag:
  Career development: a new approach to performance appraisal. 867-871
  
• Paul D. Oyer, Dorothy L. Ray:
  A systems approach to career development: report of two surveys. 873-880
  
• David R. Skeen:
  EDP certification: is it necessary? 881-888
  
• Robert M. Henry:
  Skills possessed and skills useful for MIS practitioners: a research report. 889-895
  

Data base administration

• Richard L. Nolan:
  Data base: an emerging organizational function. 897-901
  
• Cheryl M. Traver:
  Data bases: uncontrollable or uncontrolled? 903-908
  

Switching and sorting networks

• Kenneth J. Thurber:
  Interconnection networks: a survey and assessment. 909-919
  
• David C. van Voorhis:
  An economical construction for sorting networks. 921-927
  

Continuing education and training through the use of CAI

• Eugene G. Kerr:
  Business and industry in the 70's find computer-aided instruction a practical answer to training problems. 929-932
  
• Raymond J. Collins:
  The role of computer assisted instruction (CAI) in management information systems. 933-945
  
• Catherine P. Breen:
  Computer-assisted instruction in industry. 947-951
  
• Bernard H. Goddard:
  The use of CAI at McDonnell Douglas. 953-955
  

Panel session papers and paper abstracts

• L. C. Hobbs, Marcian E. Hoff Jr., T. B. Steel Jr., Charles R. Fisher, C. W. Rosenthal:
  Intelligent terminals: rationale and implications. 959-960
  
• Phillip P. Damon, James D. Foley, Arthur D. Hughes, Carl Machover, Sol Sherr, Robert H. Stotz, Luis Villalobos:
  The effect of changing technology on computer graphic systems. 961-962
  
• John C. Davis, Dennis Luck, Eric Salbu, Carol Peters, Robert Koenig, Glen Bacon:
  Mass memory systems. 963-964
  
• Martin A. Goetz, L. A. Welke, Patrick McGovern, Burton Grad:
  Current trends in the software products industry. 965
  
• Jerry D. Burchfiel, Mel Pirtle, Edward Fiala, Robert H. Thomas, Daniel L. Murphy, David C. Walden:
  Applications and extensions of the TENEX operating system. 967
  
• M. P. Fabisch, N. H. Brown, J. W. Olson, W. S. Doyle, J. R. Gibbons, J. P. Haggerty, B. P. Donohue III, J. F. McDonald, R. R. Conners, R. D. Freeman, H. M. Jackson II:
  A large real-time system development. 969-970
  
• John R. Rice, Charles Lawson, William J. Cody, William Gear, Hans J. Oser, Barry Boehm:
  Mathematical software: patterns for the future. 971
  
• Steven B. Lipner, William A. Wulf, Roger R. Schell, Gerald J. Popek, Peter G. Neumann, Clark Weissman, Theodore A. Linden:
  Security kernels. 973-980
  
• Ralph E. Griswold, James F. Gimpel, Robert B. K. Dewar, Paul J. Santos, David R. Hanson:
  Snobol languages. 981
  
• Helene E. Kulsrud, Robert M. Blazer, Hermann H. Goldstine, Ralph Grishman, M. D. McIlroy, P. E. Hagerty, Helene E. Kulsrud:
  Program debugging. 983
  
• John R. Ridgeway, James N. Hollister, Jon Warms, Bryan Wood, Tom Glacken:
  Computer output to microfilm. 985
  
• Larry Simonette, Barbara Fossum, Chuck Mairet, C. W. Bachman, Mike O'Connell, Roger Holliday, Don Jardine:
  The CODASYL and GUIDE/SHARE proposals on data base management systems. 987
  
• Lee Danner, Robert T. Caravella, Robert H. Scott, Gerald E. Short:
  Report on the IBM data security study. 989
  
• Richard A. Nerad, Robert Manion, Gresham T. Brebach, James Muenz:
  Audit considerations of data bases. 991
  
• Robert F. Mathis, Stephen R. Crocker, Marvin Denicoff, Victor Mitchell, Frederick W. Weingarten, Edward A. Feustel, Lance J. Hoffman, David K. Hsiao, Rein Turn, William Wulf:
  Research in data security: policies and projects. 993-999
  
• Charles A. Lupien, R. D. Harrison Jr., Eugene I. Lowenthal, T. Richley:
  Accessing a data base through a minicomputer. 1001
  
• George J. Feeney, Robert D. Hilton, Robert L. Johnson, Thomas J. O'Rourke, Thomas E. Kurtz:
  Utility computing: a superior alternative? 1003
  
• Jack Shaw, Kenneth W. Hunter, Gregory L. Brennan:
  Structured systems development. 1005
  
• Einar Stefferud, David J. Farber, Laurence H. Baker, Joseph D. Naughton, Ronald P. Uhlig, John R. Lanahan, Carl H. Reynolds, Leland H. Williams:
  Management impact of networks. 1007
  
• Richard H. Thayer, John B. Slaughter, Barry W. Boehm, Judith A. Clapp, John H. Manley, James H. Burrows:
  The high cost of software: causes and corrections. 1009
  
• Marvin M. Wofsey, James V. Milano, Phillip J. London, Robert L. Johnson, Phillip C. Howard:
  Effective use of computers. 1011
  
• Richard L. Nolan, Charles Carey, Michael J. Samek, K. Sreenivasan, John V. Soden, Myron Uretsky:
  Charge-out system for management acceptance and control of the computer resource. 1013-1016
  
• Don S. Culbertson, Dennis Elchesen, Mary Ann Swanson, Frederick G. Kilgour, Russell Shank:
  Accelerating information delivery. 1017
  
• Fred H. Harris, Robert N. Reinstedt, Donn B. Parker, William J. Horne, Herbert R. J. Grosch:
  Certification of computing personnel: prospects and potential impact. 1019-1020
  
• Howard Frank, Davis McCarn, Richard Sprague, M. U. Ayres, John Perra, George Feeney, Morton Blanchard:
  Large information processing networks: development and operational experience. 1021
  
• William F. Utlaut, Peter M. McManamon, Hubert J. Schlafly, Friend Skinner, S. S. Tyler:
  Digital communications on cable systems. 1022
  
• Anthony I. Wasserman, William Cass, Jerome H. Grossman, Alfred H. Garratt, William V. Glenn Jr., Gerald A. Giebink:
  Information systems for ambulatory care. 1023
  
• Stanley E. Jacobs, Lou Phillips, Marion J. Ball, John W. Anderson:
  Terminal hardware and methodology in hospital information systems. 1024
  
• Jonathan Clive, Lee B. Lusted, Casimir A. Kulikowski, Thomas A. Pryor, Bruce H. McCormick:
  Computer algorithms for analyzing patient data. 1025
  
• Max A. Woodbury, Richard Friedman, David Gustafson, Jonathan Clive, Max A. Woodbury:
  Computer-simulations of aspects of the diagnostic process. 1026
  
• Sylvia Charp:
  The use of computers for instruction and administration in elementary and secondary education. 1027
  
• Dick B. Simmons, Edward J. McCluskey, Aaron Finerman, Michael L. Dertouzos, Jürg Nievergelt:
  University computer curricula. 1028
  
• James E. Oberg, Jack Butler, Bernard F. King Jr., Stephen Ruth:
  Computer education for managers. 1029-1030
  
• Theodore A. Bakalar, Dennis Sears:
  C-COMP: COPICS---communications oriented manufacturing plan: "a paper-less factory approach". 1031
  
• Lawrence Rosler, James D. Foley, John B. Macdonald, H. G. Marsh:
  Problems, perils and promises of computer graphics. 1032
  
• James Warner, Ronald L. Boase:
  Numeric control machine tool technology and applications. 1033
  
• Earl Gomersal:
  Manufacturing information systems. 1034
  
• J. O'Toole, James A. O'Toole:
  Shop floor control. 1035
  
• Gerald T. Montgomery, Vernon L. Schatz:
  What manufacturers would like to see happening in point-of-sale. 1036
  
• Vernon L. Schaatz, Vern Sdhaatz, Doug Brookings, Dan Minter, Ron Low, Lee Paulson:
  Point-of-sale systems for supermarkets. 1037
  
• Verne H. Tanner Jr., James J. Trainor, Nelson A. Howell, Charles D. Trigg, Harold O. Casali:
  Transferability of government information systems, problems and solutions. Is it cost effective? 1038
  
• John Gentile, Kenneth W. Hunter, Clark R. Renninger, Gordon Yamada:
  Federal activities in information processing. 1039
  
• Glen E. Pommerening, Howard Bjorklund, Melvin F. Bockelman, Alan A. Hamilton:
  Law enforcement: do the systems really provide the information and safeguards promised? 1040
  
• Kenneth Orr, Jerry Hammett, Daniel B. MaGraw, Andrew O. Atkinson, Mark Gitenstein:
  Security, privacy and the information processing system. 1041
  
• Robert F. Johnston, John Doede, Edgar Jannotta, Gene Amdahl, Robert F. Johnston:
  Venture capital for computer companies. 1042
  
• Noel Zakin, Richard J. Guiltinan, Everett C. Johnson, Richard D. Webb:
  The auditor/EDP manager relationship. 1043
  
• Henry R. Koen:
  Hardware and software concerns relating to industrial processes. 1045-1046
  
• John R. Kosorok, Russell L. Heath, Theodore H. Kehl, Edward A. Kramer, Robert E. Mahan:
  Applying computers in the research and development laboratory. 1047-1048
  
• Dan E. Couchenour, C. F. Norton, Donald LePorte, J. Swartz, Dan E. Couchenour:
  Communication nets in transportation. 1049
  
• Eugene Jones:
  Equipment control in transportation. 1050
  
• Jack W. Farrell, William R. McCartin, Frank J. Cyrkiewicz, Edmund R. Piesciuk, Phillip T. Catalano, Jack W. Farrell:
  Computerized transportation-distribution: a user overview. 1051
  
• Donald L. Thomsen Jr., Warren J. Ewens, James S. Coleman, John J. Donovan, Warren E. Walker:
  Computing and mathematics in society. 1052
  
• Isao Miyamoto:
  Data reference characteristics of database application programs. 1053
  
• Gerald M. Masson:
  Multi-connection networks. 1053
  
• John A. Rohr:
  STAREX: the JPL-STAR computer resident executive. 1054
  
• Laurent Siklóssy, J. Dreussi:
  Simulation of executing robots in imperfectly known environments. 1054
  
• Tomlinson G. Rauscher:
  The provision and use of environmental information in a multiprogramming system. 1055
  
• J. Weinberg:
  Bill of material and requirements calculation systems. 1056