Abstract

Leading large language models (LLMs) are trained on public data. However, the majority of the world’s data is dark data not publicly accessible, mainly in the form of private organizational data or enterprise data. We show that the performance of methods based on LLMs seriously degrades when tested on real-world enterprise datasets. Current benchmarks, based on public data, overestimate the performance of LLMs. We release a new benchmark dataset, the Goby Benchmark, to advance discovery in enterprise data integration. Based on our experience with this enterprise benchmark, we propose techniques to uplift the performance of LLMs on enterprise data, including: (1) hierarchical annotation, (2) runtime class-learning, and (3) ontology synthesis. We show that, once these techniques are deployed, the performance on enterprise data becomes on par with that of public data. The Goby benchmark can be obtained at https://goby-benchmark.github.io/.